نشریه معماری و شهرسازی آرمان شهر
پیاپی 44 (پاییز 1402)

In this research, human temperament and space temperament have been studied as the main factors in analyzing the space of historical houses in Bushehr. The environment, in addition to the direct effects on how to choose effective climatic solutions in architecture, has affected the mood and temperament of residents as well as the temperament of their living spaces. In this study, houses and mansions of Bushehr historical context as a statistical community, and its temperament characteristics in terms of how it is affected by the four elements of the environment have been discussed and analyzed. This study aims to find factors in the architecture of houses and historic buildings in Bushehr due to the effects of the environment on its temperament by recognizing the temperament characteristics of each space by studying the presence of four environmental characteristics as a representative of the four main temperaments on house spaces. That is, the four elements of water, wind, earth, and fire, each representing the main temperaments, are performed. The research method of this research is descriptive, descriptive-analytical and content analysis of sources in order to identify the sources and principles of research and Data analysis was considered to analyze the houses of the historical context of Bushehr in two methods of sampling (deductive) and detailed analysis to achieve a general (inferential) result. The most important result of this research is the existence of diversity in the temperament of home spaces, as well as the diversity of temperament of the residents of these houses in the historical context of Bushehr. So that each of the spaces has been formed in accordance with the way of living and activity of the residents in it, and people with different temperaments can live in the spaces of the house based on their physical and mental needs.

Geometry is one of the physical characteristics of architecture and among geometric strategies, the symmetry-adjusting model has a special place in it. Symmetry does not reach its full meaning regardless of concepts such as balance, harmony, rhythm and proportion. This Research tries to analyze the principle of symmetry and balance in the process of perception of Qajar houses as one of the most important architectural and urban design in Isfahan. A collection that, although visual symmetry at first glance, is considered an asymmetric set in its landscape. Symmetry as an evolutionary value in the geometry of Persian houses architecture is investigated by descriptive-analytical method and videoecology technique and the reasons for devolving from this value in axis and form are evaluated. Symmetry is one of the oldest known spatial and form policies in the public spaces of Persian- Islamic architecture in order to tie plurality to unity in the center of space and attract the attention of the observer to the center of the complex, but, the diversity in the dimensions and diversity of residential spaces and the shape of the land has made it impossible for the overall symmetry in the design of the space and the designer observes the symmetry in the facade components. The results show that although the shape of the land in the architecture of Persian houses makes the formation of symmetrical architecture difficult and complicated, However, by creating a geometric space among the (central courtyard) and the quality of readability through appropriate spatial location and communication, the designer has been able to create a new relationship of stable balance in hidden layers in a way that engages the audience in active action with the inner concepts of the work and makes him a part of this perceptual process.

Neighborhood is one of the important factors of social interactions and the presence of people in the community, neighborhoods and public spaces are important factors in neighborhood architecture, nowadays due to extensive changes in urban construction, less attention is paid to the relationships between people in the community, but in the context of In traditional cities, the amount of neighborhood relations is higher and this is due to the type of neighborhood architectural patterns used in traditional contexts. The current research aims to introduce architectural body models. In this research, by identifying and analyzing the physical areas of the neighborhood, along with the typology of physical patterns, the architectural tools and principles in this architecture have been introduced, and its purpose is to introduce these patterns in the historical context of Dezful city. The research method, in terms of epistemology in the interpretive or constructivist paradigm (structuralism), in terms of the comparative approach (method of reasoning), in terms of the type of data, qualitative and quantitative (combined), in terms of the type of descriptive-analytical results and in terms of the approach It is a historical interpretation that has been done by the method of typological analysis and by the method of collecting library data (documents) and the tools of map reading, document reading and fiche extraction. The results of this research show that using architectural tools such as changing floor materials, long and short walls of passageways, changes in light and shadow, roofing alleys and passages, creating level differences, changing proportions and decorations, Three primary neighborhood patterns have been formed for semi-public areas in the historical context, which include the patterns of Sabat, entrance, and dead-end alleys. And things like security, privacy, solitude, climatic and functional comfort and people-friendliness have increased the amount of people's presence in these fields.

In recent decades, due to the lack of urban land in big cities, the use of underground urban spaces as one of the emerging urban public spaces has attracted the attention of designers, policy makers and urban decision makers. The main issue in underground urban spaces is how to design and optimize urban metro stations as a place for people's social interactions, which has received less attention. Failure to pay attention to the structure and spatial quality of urban metro stations has caused problems in how to properly use the internal spaces of the stations. The purpose of this article is to use the space syntax method to identify, evaluate and optimize stations based on routing, orientation and visibility components in Tabriz metro stations. In the upcoming research, these components in two selected stations of Tabriz city; Clock Square and Old Square have been examined and tested. In this research, descriptive and analytical methods have been used and data analysis has been done using space syntax technique and based on graphic and statistical maps extracted from axial analysis 1, orientation analysis 2, isovist analysis 3, natural motion analysis 4, which have a significant impact on the design and optimization of spaces. . The results and findings of the research show that the spatial structure has made a tangible contribution to the quality design of urban underground stations. Saat Square station is well organized with clear and direct routes compared to Old Square station, and in the analysis it has performed relatively well in terms of physical and visual permeability, cohesion and spatial structure.Keywords: Urban Underground Spaces, Metro Station Design, Space Syntax, Optimization of Metro Spaces

Statement of the ProblemOne of the main architectural issues is the assessing of post-housing construction life that determines the success of an architectural work in the views of residents. Now, if this assessment is performed on house components, repeated as patterns in various eras, it can help housing processes in the formation of houses that are more harmonious with its residents in the future. AimsAn assessment of inconsistencies in components constituting houses through detailed research within the real process of life by comparing the status quo and the desired state of housing from the view of residentsMethodology The present study fell under descriptive-analytical, as well as applied research. Data were collected through library studies and field surveys. To collect data, questionnaires were used. The statistical population consisted of 950 families residing in the middle texture of the city of Kermanshah. According to the Cochran formula, 273 people were selected as the sample volume, who were residing in this region in the summer of 2021. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. important findings the Sample T-Test, significance values, and the average frequency of data on comparing the status quo and the desired state indicated that there were inconsistencies within house components, which were different in various decades. As well, residents’ views suggested that a house may be regarded as desirable for its residents due to its integrity, even if its components were undesirable. ConclusionThe comparison of house components in various decades led to 11 criteria of inconsistencies of space creation without seeing residents’ behaviors, the lack of valuation for space, the removal of intermediate spaces, complexity, the lack of permanence, the lack of a bond with the context, weak control, the removal of views, the reduction of spatial diversity, the reduction of houses diversity and economic issues.

Arches are one of the most efficient innovations that architects have used to cover ceilings, wide openings, or as decorative elements in various structures. The purpose of the research includes the typology and the functioning of arches in the historical city of Masouleh during an earthquake. The research questions are as follows: Are several types of arches used in the architecture of the historical city of Masouleh? Which of the Masouleh arches shows a better structural performance during an earthquake? The research method is in the form of field studies, and Abaqus 2022 finite element software was used to analyze the earthquake resistance of Masouleh arches, which occurred in cities such as Bam (2003), Rudbar Manjil (1991) and Tabas (1978). The research results indicate that the historical city of Masouleh has 19 arches, and high-rise and low-rise Panjohaft arches are the most common types. The Roman arch construction method is the most common method used in Masouleh arches. The results show that 78% of Masouleh arches have adequate structural capacity against earthquakes, and Keshesar neighborhoods with 37% and Khanebar neighborhood with 21% have the most arches and Reyhanebar neighborhood with 10% have the lowest amount of arches in Masouleh. Also, the results of the seismic analysis of the 19 arches of Masouleh show that the low-rise Haftopanj arch, which is made using the Roman brick masonry method located in the Asad neighborhood, had the weakest structural performance against earthquakes, and the forty-five-degree arch with the Roman construction method, located in Masjedbar neighborhood, had the most appropriate structural performance in seismic simulation.

Designing new approaches have always been the focus of educational planners. Considering the place of cognition in architecture education, the approach of design thinking and the variables related to it are very important. The aim of the current research was to formulate a structural model of design thinking based on wisdom and creative styles with the mediation of self-directed learning in students. Therefore, the main hypothesis of the research suggests that the proposed model has a good fit with the research data. The research method was correlation and structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this research included all architecture students of Hamedan Girls' Technical and Vocational University, numbering 600 people, who were studying in the academic year of 2001-2001. Sampling method, 255 people were selected in the available way. Ardelt's three-dimensional wisdom scale, Kerton's creative styles, Dosi's design thinking and Fisher's self-directed learning questionnaires assessment was used to collect information and structural equation modeling was used for data analysis. The results showed that the developed conceptual model had a good fit with the data. The results of the structural part showed that the direct effect of wisdom on self-directed learning and design thinking is positive and significant. The direct effect of Innovative style on self-directed learning and design thinking is also positive and meaningful. The direct effect of Adaptor style on self-directed learning is negative and significant, but not significant on design thinking. The direct effect of self-directed learning on design thinking is also positive and meaningful. Examining the mediating role of self-directed learning showed that self-directed learning has a significant mediating role in the relationship between wisdom and creative styles with design thinking. Therefore, it is possible to help promote design thinking in students by developing appropriate educational programs related to research variables.

Aesthetics is one of the valuable concepts in conserving and valuing the form, function, and content of historical properties. Aesthetics is described as a criterion for maintaining the flow of life for residents. The Ilchikhan and Godal Ali complexes belong to the Safavid period. They are one of the most prominent cultural heritages in Yazd which have various values including historical, social, cultural, economic, scientific, and aesthetic. The main issue of the research is that the value and identity of the Ilchikhan complex are fading away. Forgetting the values and misrecognition in this context has an inappropriate effect on the protection of revitalization of the Ilchikhan complex. Currently, a large part of this complex has been destroyed and abandoned without attention. The process of changing the form and identity of the Ilchikhan house is still increasing. In this research, two questions are raised: What is the meaning of aesthetic values in the historical collection of Ilchikhan? What role did aesthetic value play in the formation of the Ilchikhan complex? The aim of the research is to introduce the components of aesthetic value and their role in the formation of the historical complex of Ilchikhan of Yazd. The research method is a combination of historical description and interpretation of research data through field studies, oral studies, analysis of aerial images, and documentary research.Besides exploring the aesthetic values from different perspectives, especially in architecture and urban planning, this research has concentrated on the IlchiKhan complex based on historical documents as well as form and content components. The exploration showed that the aesthetic values in this complex have both form and function aspects. Consequently, it affected the formation, construction, and maintenance of this monument and also has been the basis of its permanence until now.

In order to institutionalize justice, urban management should pay attention to both decision-making processes (structural justice) and results and effects and consequences of development (distributive justice) and try to discover the structures and underlying layers that cause injustice and inequality in cities and examine distributional results from fair aspects. Or be unfair. Accordingly, the main purpose of this article is to evaluate spatial justice by emphasizing the role of urban management, based on which justice is examined in the light of decision-making processes (structural justice) and the effects and consequences of development (distributive justice(. Therefore, the concept and dimensions of justice and spatial justice, its evaluation methods and criteria that can be used to evaluate it in planning documents and traditions such as comprehensive urban plans and spatial distribution of development consequences, are among the topics considered in this study. are. The information and data of the GEC census of 2016 and the information of the uses collected by the Deputy of Urban Planning and Architecture of Urmia Municipality in 2021 have been used to study distributive justice and to collect the documents of the comprehensive plan to study structural justice. The most important findings of this study are the development of a framework for evaluating spatial justice in urban development programs (by qualitative discourse analysis with emphasis on the semiotic network of Ferdinand Dossussor) and the spatial distribution of development effects and consequences (using quantitative and spatial models in GIS) and institutionalization. It emphasizes the role of urban management. The results showed that the document of the comprehensive plan of Urmia in general has considered a very low and minimal level of justice and has considered this issue (justice) from less angles and the interpretation of the document of spatial justice is more focused on the physical dimension.

Physical model of the life of Afghan migrants in Iran(Case study: Shams Abad Brick Kiln Region, Tehran)Abstract: Due to the lack of safety and long-term wars in Afghanistan, Afghans have migrated to Iran. Considering the long-term history of the Afghans’ migration to Iran and their considerable population, investigating their situation is of significance. Iran and Afghanistan are close to each other more than other nations because of social, religious, and cultural links. Therefore, Iran is one of the most significant countries accepting migrant Afghans. The migrant Afghans welcome the culture and society of Iran and also, face the identity crisis by being in the new society. It leads to the cultural mixture in Iranian society. The purpose of doing this study is to present a physical model of the migrant afghans in Iran using qualitative approach by in-depth interviews. Therefore, Afghan housing analysis first introduced, then 40 semi-structured interviews were conducted with the migrant afghans residing in the Brick Kiln of Shams Abad region of Tehran. The data analysis in the process of coding using MAXQDA led to the emergence of 148 codes. the relationship between codes was presented with the main question of research, physical pattern. the proposed diagram was categorized into three areas of physical-practical-semantic need and demands, paradoxical socio-cultural, cultural-social integration as factors affecting the physical model and the physical pattern of Afghan immigrants was presented according to the classification. Finally, according to this diagram, the physical pattern of Afghan refugees was described in three areas. And spatial and physical solutions of these three categories were presented.

Housing today, as the most important place in our lives, contains the spirit of life and is not just a simple body and physical structure, but a shelter away from the environmental tensions of work and life outside of it. Housing is meant to meet the needs of residents. It has spaces with different quality and different functions. In the contemporary world, attention to psychological aspects and individual needs resulting from the knowledge of light is increasing day by day. As a source of inspiration and visual quality in the space, light is used in different ways in spaces, and for the design and efficiency of this light, training is needed on how to use it in today's housing. This research aims to extract the components of education. Designing light in today's housing and examining their education priorities has been done. The research method is a combination of qualitative and quantitative types, in the qualitative phase, data reduction and extraction of components are done using data reduction techniques (open coding, axial coding), snowball sampling of people and thinkers. In the qualitative section, and in the quantitative section, using PN modeling and inferential statistical tests in JMP software, the factor contribution of the component is extracted from among 384 people. The results show that the highest factor contribution is related to light quality control components. Induction of various roles and refraction is with the value of (1.000) and the lowest is related to the correspondence with the change of light angle with the value of (0.467).

Accessibility seems to play an essential role in promoting interaction between students, as one of the environmental features in schools, and improves the environmental appeal of in schools. The purpose of this research is to measure the role of accessibility components on the quality of students' performance, and to analyze and evaluate the relationship between them. In order to achieve this goal, and by using library studies and reaching a theoretical consensus in interviews with experts in the field of architecture, the effective components of accessibility in schools have been extracted and distributed in the form of a questionnaire among architecture students. In the analysis of these data, the correlation and path analysis methods were used to explain the model and the relationship between the components and their influence on each other. Then, with the help of spatial configuration in four schools, which selected randomly in Shiraz city, their spatial syntax has been analyzed. Based on the studies collected in the final research model, the privacy component can be defined with the syntactic index of space depth. Also, the component of the connection of the paths can be defined with the syntactic index of connection and connectivity, and finally the inviting component of the paths can be defined with the syntactic index of interlinking. The results of the research show that the results of objective observations in configuration analysis and the results of path analysis in the final model of the research are consistent and accessibility plays a significant role in improving the performance quality of schools.

Every year, a large number of historical monuments are damaged by natural disasters, including earthquakes. The most important step before strengthening and restoring these buildings is to assess their safety to identify weaknesses. Italy is one of the first countries to issue a special guide entitled "Italian Guidelines for Evaluation and Mitigation of Seismic risk to Cultural Heritage" ( DPCM) with the aim of assessing monuments. This guideline includes three levels of assessment and involve three different categories of buildings. The results of manual calculations of this instruction (first level) in the shortest possible time can show the general condition of the building to perform restoration activities. In our country, there is no such instruction regarding historical monuments, so in this research study, the safety status of Ali Monsieur historical house in Tabriz in the Ultimate limit state (SLU) and limit state of damage (SLD) based on manual and numerical calculations proposed in the Italian DPCM guideline. Push Over analysis of building (numerical calculation) was performed in 3Muri.13 software. Based on the findings of both levels of evaluation, comparisons between the results was done. As a result, data from both levels of assessment of the Ali Monsieur Historical House indicated that the building was not safe in the ultimate limit state, but showed adequate safety in the limit state of damage. In addition, the remarkable point of the results was that the manual calculations presented in the Italian guidelines are more conservative because they provide the value of the building safety index and shear strength less than the values obtained from the numerical calculations. But it is worth noting that it is a useful and practical method before performing restoration activities.